Emotion as Mediators Analytical Tool and Hurdle Essay Example for Free

Emotion as Mediators Analytical Tool and Hurdle Essay Emotion is often associated with feeling expressed in any situation at any given time an individual may encounter. â€Å"In psychology it signifies a reaction involving certain physiological changes, such as an accelerated or retarded pulse rate, the diminished or increased activities of certain glands, or a change in body temperature, which stimulate the individual, or some component part of his or her body, to further activity† (Microsoft ® Encarta ®, 2007). It is very peculiar for a person not to show any reaction to circumstances especially when provoked by another person he is in conflict with. In this light, the role of a mediator is very important in bridging the gap between parties in conflict to find a common ground that possibly move toward a resolution. This paper will discuss the vital role of emotion in conflicts. Considering that emotion is the center of creation and nature of conflict, the probability of managing conflicts may be influenced by emotion as well. The book Meditating Dangerously tells that â€Å"The ostensible purpose of mediation is to ameliorate danger, pacify hurt feelings, and create safe spaces within which dialogue can replace debate, where interest-based negotiation can substitute for a struggle for power† (p. 3). A challenge is laid on my table, to be able to answer how much emotion can only surface to make any progress in the case? How does a mediator controls his emotion over the case? Background of the study It was on 11th of April, 2008 when I first went solo as a mediator. Prior to my case was my friend Diego working on his case between a tenant demanding from her landlord. It was a messy case, but the point to me was how hard it was to manage the raucous lady. She kept screaming and interrupting the landlord and the mediator with her suffered pain with her grievance. It was to the point where we had a security coming in from other room to tell us to calm things down because there was a trial going in our adjacent room. Still she did not cooperate. Having to observe Diego went through a very hard time over his case with the uncontrollable lady and her landlord, the sense of trepidation that I felt had challenged me. I needed to manage my own case without having to go through the same traumatic experience. When my turn came, I had to face five ladies – three plaintiffs and two defendants. I laid out the general rule of explaining mediation as a voluntary process and the bound to confidentiality, etc. I wanted to make sure that my case will not go mishandled. Also, I wanted to assure myself and the parties involved that we are there to solve not a screaming spar like the previous case. During the debriefing with Professor Joshua Jack, he asked why did I say ‘respect’ and ‘no yelling’? By laying the ground rules in the beginning, did I hinder the parties’ true feelings to come out? Professor Jack gave further comments on my case: â€Å"Parties in conflict very often come into the mediation with strong senses of victimization, self righteousness, mistrust, and other negative judgments of one another. If a person thinks that the other is a liar and cheater both in this situation and generally, can they express this honest perspective and still be within the bounds of our rule? It is my view that, if we have any hope of facilitating any real transformation, we have to allow parties to express their true, even if ugly, perspectives. † If we tell people to be nice, they will sometimes accommodate us, but by squelching the expression of the true depth and magnitude of their experience and perception, we also squelch the potential for real transformation and resolution. † According to Bowling and Hoffman (2003), â€Å"The most direct and obvious impact that the mediator has on the mediation process comes from the techniques he or she uses to influence the course of negotiations. These interventions, based on the mediator’s assessment of the obstacles to settlement, might involve giving the parties an opportunity to vent emotional reactions to the dispute, encouraging the parties to focus on interests rather than positions, or helping the parties generate options for settlement† (p. 19). With all due respect to Professor Jack, I know he is a great and experienced mediator. However, as a new mediator, the first thing I want to do is to make sure I have the case in control with confidence. By saying respect, I gave the parties the notion that we are to discuss the dispute, and find a solution as educated people. With the said experience, Professor Jeanne Cleary gave her comments as well: â€Å"Tricky issue, how much control to start out with, based on past experience and with the understanding that the folks in front of you are new and not the past case. You will find your balanced style with this – between too much control that may stifle what’s really going on for them (which will most always include feelings) and too little control (which will be unproductive for folks to hear each other). Keep at developing your sense of that balance as you continue. † Emotional Intelligence as a Tool for Mediators It is not as strange as it may sound to mindfully express emotion with dignity still intact. Emotional intelligence, defined by Salovey and Mayer (1990) in their Ability Model as â€Å"the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage emotions† is very helpful for a mediator in handling mediation between two clashing parties to surface the emotion and be adept at bringing out the feelings from the parties while remaining impartial. Caruso and Salovey (2004) expounded this model as four key emotional skills in Table 1. In this manner, Goleman’s (1998) (as cited in Johnson, Levine, and Richard, 2003) definition of emotional intelligence (EQ) â€Å"as the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships† (p. 317) was able to strengthen the argument of emotional intelligence as a tool for mediators. According to Johnson et al. (2003), â€Å"Allowing emotion to emerge in a mediation, however requires a mediator with a high degree of emotional intelligence †¦ improving one’s emotional intelligence is an essential development path for mediators. As EQ improves, a mediator becomes more comfortable with his or her ability to manage an emotional process successfully† (p. 155). Johnson et al. (2003) were also sharp by saying the essence of developing emotional intelligence because â€Å"Absent the ability to deal with emotions, the true power of mediation is lost. Absent the ability to create space for parties to express difficult emotions, it is unlikely that any resolution reached will last† (p. 164).

Information Age :: essays research papers

Discussion Board Activity Question Activity Based Costing in the Information Age Activity based costing systems provide a much more accurate picture of product costs than do traditional product costing systems. This exercise focuses on an article presented on the Web site of the ACA Group, an alliance of highly trained and experienced consultants and instructors. The ACA Group provides in-house training, management consulting, and systems installation. You may recognize the names of some of the Group's clients including General Motors, Nissan Motor Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Dole Packaged Foods, Gillette, Xerox, Gateway, and Anheiser Busch. The title of the article used for this exercise is entitled "Activity based Costing in the Information Age." (http://www.theacagroup.com/activitybasedcosting.htm). It was written by Jim Tarr, president of J.D. Tarr Associates. Mr. Tarr has over 25 years experience in consulting, senior management, and in industrial and manufacturing engineering. You have been asked by your manager to read the article and prepa re a brief for other managers in the organization. The brief must answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of traditional product costing systems? There are many advantages and disadvantages, in traditional product costing systems. As, listed in Mr. Tarr ¡Ã‚ ¦s article you can see first that the advantages are apparent and clear. The purpose for this system is what is was intended for. And that is standard cost accounting, Companies where designed to do the following for success.1) homogeneous products, 2) large direct costs compared to indirect costs, 3) limited ability to collect data and 4) low "below the line" costs. (Tarr, James D. N.d.) So, with changing time ¡Ã‚ ¦s and the system being build over 70years ago. This has been cause for change because of the disadvantages the system brings to the table due in part to the  ¡Ã‚ §advent of certified financial statements, accounting systems became more structured to comply with the demands of external stakeholders ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Tarr, James D. N.d.) So, the primary purpose and focus of cost accounting today is to value inventory for financial statements. The negative t rend continues due in part to the floes that the "leveraging effect" of direct labor overhead application as cause as many other applications have given cost accounting negative effects as well. 2. For what type of business case were traditional costing systems designed? Why isn't a traditional costing system appropriate for today's companies? Traditional costing systems were designed for a company with large direct costs in comparison to indirect costs, a limited ability to collect data, homogeneous products and low  ¡Ã‚ §below the line ¡Ã‚ ¨ costs.

Solutions to Hurricane Sandy

Dear New Yorkers, Last week, Super storm Sandy tore up the East Coast, leaving a path of immeasurable destruction and devastation in its wake. In addition, while many are still reeling and searching for necessities, we are reminded that some challenges like not having access to gas, water, electricity and damage to houses get resolved as soon as possible. It is imperative that we change these problems and fix them. That is why people like the American Cancer Society, ConEdison and volunteers are here around the clock to offer those facing trials and tribulations the information and support they continue to need.As New Yorkers, we will fight to the finish to make sure everything will be in tiptop shape again. While the damage and disruption that Sandy brought across the Eastern US continues to be assessed, as we move through energy and gasoline, housing is really the Number 1 concern. Many homeowners will most likely rebuild their homes. Unfortunately, no one can stop Mother Nature an d this weather-related catastrophe could happen again. Restructuring the sand dunes to even greater heights will only allow the tropical and hurricane force winds to displace more sand and Atlantic Ocean salt water on the streets and into the homes and businesses.However, there is a way to alleviate some of the problems. All the municipalities along the entire New Jersey coastline should require the homeowners to rebuild their homes above ground level. These homes should be built on pilings that are anchored deep into the ground with a minimum height requirement of 6 feet above ground level. The sand dunes should be rebuilt on a minimum height scale. This would mean less displacement of sand throughout the towns. Hundreds of cars lined up for gasoline while other gas stations, with millions of gallons statewide, sit empty because they have no power to operate their pumps.I know as New Yorkers we have questions such as why is the installation of generators in gas stations a statutory requirement for operating a gas station. Meanwhile, traffic signals at major intersections are out, creating dangerous driving conditions, while the streetlights adjacent to the traffic lights have power and are on. I know it does not take an electrical engineer to figure out what is wrong with that picture. Well the fact of the matter is, people still had to go to work and school. Therefore, they had to do what they saw best fit, which was driving.Fortunately, more gas tankers and barges are coming to the area and ‘there will be more of a supply of gas,' but that availability problems may continue for a few more days. The relentless dedication of our millions of supporters enables our society to deliver on our mission of saving lives by helping people stay well. In addition, helping people get well together, we can emerge from any storm that comes our way and continue to create a world with less cancer and more birthdays. I hope this note finds you and your loved ones safe a nd secure. -Mayor

Technology And Its Impact On Technology - 844 Words

In small animal research market, Tiny Imaging company technology is neither disruptive nor sustainable. Though the market is $250 million/yr, there are already existing competitors and the competition is intense as all the human drugs have to pass through the small animals first. Besides, Siemens already have similar prototypes to this technology for different market, but did not proceed in the small animal market, indicating lack of interest for new technology in this market. This market is used to existing methods to quickly pass the clinical trials to push the drugs onto the next level of testing. Their primary concern is not related to researching new drugs with new technology but to test drugs quickly. In large animal research, this technology will be disruptive. The market has already shown interest in the technology and Siemens have sold few of the products based on the similar technology in this market and left the market for two reasons: low market ($50m/yr) and to concent rate more in human medicine. This leaves the gap for smaller company to fill this market. Market interest is high, as most of the researchers need this MRI-PET machine to get their grants and do more research. In human medicine, the combined MRI-PET technology will be sustained. The market is very huge ($1billion+/yr) and Siemens have already announced that it will introduce a product based similar technology. As it involve, human trials, incumbents have advantage over small companies because ofShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On Technology1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe technology has presented an enormous deviation in this world, and alike somewhat deviation, it has not been easy to become accustomed to the variations presented. 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However, it is no surprise that these advances have also caused society into depending so much on technology. Author Sherry Turkle, argued that we as a society have distanced ourselves from one another; she discusses her observations drawn from human beings and their interaction with social machines. She indicated that humans rely much more on technology which has negativelyRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Technology2152 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In today’s world everything relies on technology. Technology has aided in making day to day life simpler, as well as keep us all connected. Organizations today continue to grow using all the newest technological advancements. The use of technology can help mold the foundation for which a company is able to grow from, but it can also be the very cause of the same company’s demise. It is for that reason, that an organization should take appropriate actions to protect its Information SystemsRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Technology Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesWith the advancement of technology, society is starting to rely heavily on electronic devices more now than ever. With the heavy reliance on electronic devices, security becomes a must to ensure that information is not falling into the wrong hands. As security becomes an important factor in computing, cybersecurity arose to help protect computer systems and the data stored on it from being accessed by pe ople for whom the data was not intended. Many high profile attacks have been noted in the pastRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Technology2186 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In today’s world, everything relies on technology. Technology has aided in making day to day life simpler, as well as keep us all connected. Organizations today continue to grow using the newest technological advancements. The use of technology can help mold the foundation for which a company is able to grow, but it can also be the very cause of the same company’s demise. It is for that reason that an organization should take appropriate actions to protect its Information Systems (IS)Read MoreTechnology And Technology : The Economic Impact Of Technology?748 Words   |  3 PagesThe article begins with an example of how technology has evolved. Before the 1970s, gas stations had to hire employees to pump gas for customers. Today there are over 168,000 gas stations in the United States and very few of these stations hire attendants to pump gas. Maney then explores the true economic impact of the automation. For instance, the number of men with college degrees doubled and the number of women with college degrees quadrupled between 1970 and 2015. With more educated people

Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim OBriens The...

Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried There are many things that I carry around with me in my daily life that I both need and dont need. Although, I carry many more positive things than I do negative, I know that they are there and how I must learn to use them is essential. Even if I dont carry around physical things like the soldiers in the story, I carry around the thoughts and images of my past and of the opinions and judgments of my future. Troubles that I dealt with as a teenager follow me into my present life now. Sure, we as teenagers made some stupid mistakes, but there are still a few of them that haunt me even to this day. I have learned that they will never disappear because of†¦show more content†¦Although I am half way there, after marrying my wonderful wife, there are still goals that Im striving for. Along side the goals, I carry fantasies that I would find pleasurable to attain. Unlike First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, I have learned that I must deal with real life first and then fantasize. Even thou gh the fantasies surface at peculiar times, I must learn to put them aside in order to attain my tangible goals. This is where Lt. Cross failed. He put his fantasies before the task at hand, the protection of his men, and a tragedy occurred when Ted Lavender was killed. When people let some of the negative things they carry interfere with reality, not only will it ravage someone else, but it will definitely afflict them. Lt. Cross will have to live, always knowing that his fantasies cost Lavender his life. How he deals with that tragedy will be important in his future. Will he let Lavenders death harm him more, by constantly suffering and then sink into a state of depression or will he learn from this mistake and remember it when he fantasizes again! That is what OBrien is wanting us to consider. Dealing with the things we carry can be a troublesome task but we must learn to deal with them in a way that will impact others around us in a positive manner and we can not let our fantasi es outweigh our reality, because harm then, will be inevitable. Tim OBriens short story

Summary Of A Valediction Of Weeping - 1151 Words

A Valediction of Weeping: Grief, Maps and Death John Donne’s poem â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping† is a farewell poem from the speaker to his lover. Whether the farewell is for business or pleasure it is clear that the speaker does not wish to go without his lover. In the poem, the speaker describes the utter bareness of having to leave and hopes it doesn’t kill him. The speaker’s love for his lover is shown through the emotional emptiness that is depicted numerous times throughout the poem. The first stanza starts off with a description of how empty the speaker will be without his lover. The line of the poem sets up the emotion that is to come. When the word pour is used images of a large amount of liquid being emptied from a container†¦show more content†¦As is the same with the tears that these lovers share â€Å"When a tear falls, that thou falls which it bore/ So thou and I are nothing then, when on a diverse shore† (8, 9). When theyâ €™re overcome with so much emotion they become nothing because the other one is so far away. The second stanza takes a turn away from the grief and concentrates on the creation of maps. A cartographer is a map maker being refer to in the second line â€Å"A workman that hath copies by can lay† (11). This reference to a cartographer is a metaphysical conceit, as cartography is a study and requires a higher education that most would receive. As the text suggests, the next line â€Å"And quickly make that, which was nothing, all;† (13) refers to the cartographer being able to create nothing indicating a blank globe being able to fill it with maps of the continents and so creating â€Å"nothing† into â€Å"all†, the blank globe once complete is filled with everything, with â€Å"all†. The speaker then reminds us why the poem is a valediction. Both the speaker and the lover are shedding tears. The speaker and his lover both cry so much that their te ars mix together â€Å"Till thy tears mixed with mine do overflow† (17). The stanza ends with the image of the tears, once mixed together, overflowing and flooding the globe. The image portrays how emotional their love is filled. There also is a comparison between the tears and the ocean. They both have a salt water content, so it naturally makes

Transportation and Freight Logistics Infrastructure Investment

Question: Discuss about theTransportation and Freight Logistics for Infrastructure Investment. Answer: Introduction: Within the regulatory reform and infrastructure investment, the transport and infrastructure sector in Australia has been facing challenge. Need for effective regulation arose due to increase in the movement of goods and services in the dynamic international economy. The regulatory changes brought changes into the growing enables freight task and have come up with the environmental, security and safety challenges. One of the growing challenge for the implementation and design of regulation is balancing the public expectation of safety. The transport sector has remained a target of terrorism both nationally and internationally (Bhattacharya et al. 2014). Security threats are likely to remain in the foreseeable future. As the new cargo security regimes are introduced, security threat are expected to rise. With the increase in variances and volumes, maintenance of risk based regime focusing on higher risk becomes increasingly challenge. Environmental performance of the country would be seriously jeopardized due to increased regulatory reforms. Employment rates of the country is directly impacted by public infrastructure investment of the logistic industry (Crainic and Feillet 2015). Discussion: The regulatory change is becoming increasingly complex across all modes as technology and business models are changing rapidly in light of changing regulations and policies. The emergence of in car technologies has been a growing factor in road safety incidents. The Road safety remuneration tribunal established by road safety remuneration act can hand down orders of other laws. There are areas of inefficient regulation concerning safety standards that poses a restriction on importing of the standards freight (Dablanc and Rodrique 2013). There has been increasing challenge of work safety. There is emerging new environmental challenges with greater risk of extreme weather. With wide ranging socio and economic impact, the logistics industry has become a major contributor to the state and national economies. The changing competition resulting from globalization, information economy and rapid economic changes has caused the industry to respond to such changes. Changing regulatory framework resulting from global financial instability has provided new challenges to the industry. Australia is facing some of the important transport reform challenges. One of the biggest challenge would be in dealing with the emerging congestion. Movement of large numbers of vehicles through towns and cities carrying freight has an impact on amenity of residential areas and on environment. Increased road congestion is also resulting from increased economic activity and population growth. This is one of the safety impact that logistic industry has. This would hinder the movement of freight and w ould have substantial cost imposed on industry (del Castillo et al. 2015). Due to inadequate infrastructure, capacity constraints are experienced by the transport links and resulting in congestion. There is an accommodating difficult natural infrastructure and geographical gaps within and around Sydney. The policies of government designed to reduce the emissions would have the significant impact on the cost structure of industry. Associated attacks and rise of global tourism on western interest has increased the travel and freight risks. Logistic industry would be significantly impacted by the adopted policies and procedures dealing with the climatic change. The policy of shorting the direct calls from international shipping lines would contribute in the cost of goods when they have to be land bridged to and from Melbourne (Lindsey et al. 2014). Following the global financial crisis, the capacity was reduced and it also led to shutting down of some trade route entirely. In the recovery period, such capacity has not turned back and this leads to constraint i n capacity. It has resulted in slow and inefficient routing and has forced up the price. Some other policies concerning environmental and climatic change would have future impact on export of goods from Australia to Europe. This include discrimination against long-haul carriers, efficiency in food supply chain and taxes on European greenhouse gases. Security in the freight industry possess a major problem and some of the important concern is evasion of custom duty, drug smuggling and illegal immigrants. One of the factor that can be regarded as possessing vulnerability to security breaches greater international dimension and less or inefficient regulations. Vast fleet of global shipping, large number of ports and difficulty in detection has made security issue an extremely difficult task (Demir et al. 2015). Due to freight imbalance on goods coming to South Australia has resulted in increasing the cost of outgoing goods. There is a critical shortage of loading facilities, which results in delaying the process of decision-making and effect of mining tax on investment, and shipment in infrastructure affects the logistics infrastructure of the country. There are number of challenges faced by infrastructure of the industry and this would influence the supply chain and freight networks, which are subjected to number of links such as pint points, missing links, and operational restrictions (Marchet et al. 2014). Recommendations needed for eliminating the challenge that will help in increasing the benefits from freight transportation management are as follows: Quality investment decision making has become imperative and there are opportunities for productivity improvement and further reform across transport sector and infrastructure. The challenges of logistic industry concerning environmental, security and safety can be overcome by providing the following recommendations. Some of the problems relating the logistics and freight are related to safety and it is mainly concerning with traffic congestion. There is a need to have better planning of routes. Warehouse should be relocated to some areas that are away from congested areas. For certain vehicle, there needs to be special entry times and city lockouts. Public transport should be encouraged to reduce the number of road vehicles. Widening of exiting motorways can be done for allowing additional traffic (Gorman 2014). The environmental challenges resulting from the inefficient regulatory reforms can be done by showing more support to green technologies. This involves wind and solar power. Companies needs to be made aware of such technologies and waste should be minimized by considering different methods of delivering the products. This also involves material that will help in reducing the costs. For ensuring greater capacity per trip, there needs to have bigger loads and simultaneously minimizing the trips. In order to overcome the poor market conditions, there should be transport and alternative routes. Planning should incorporate monitoring the forecasting of weather. Transport companies should consider different types of weather and possible delays should be avoid by identification of alternative routes. On hot days, management of employees can be improved by installing cooling system and more breaks that would help in avoiding exhaustion of heat (SteadieSeifi et al. 2014). There is a need for freight industry to undertake security assessment and it should form a part of government policies. Assessment would involve identifying the assets, facilities and the impact of damages that can be caused. There should be an evaluation of risks after identification of weaknesses to the utilities, communication system and physical security. Government needs to introduce cargo-screening program. Nonetheless, it is certainly possible that it will incur in delay, disruptions and additional costs and undermine the operational capacity of such cargo. Supply chain security of the logistics industry should be formulated in such a way that it will help in preventing antagonistic threats that would affect the performance of supply chain. There are few areas as suggested by executives of supply chain and these includes visibility, efficiencies, mitigation, validation and performance. Companies needs to focus on addressing security resulting from the inefficient policies and regulatory reforms. A wide range of areas needs to be encompassed and this ranges from areas of border security and customs of material moving between crisis management and fleet security. Conclusion It can be concluded from above discussion that Australian companies are reaping the benefits of reforms that is leading to greater diversity in transportation options, productive and efficient freight sector. Although, there is a better infrastructure quality than ever before, there are various challenges faced by the logistics industry. The challenges discussed concerns mainly with the environmental, security and safety. All such challenges is attributable to inefficient reformatory and legislative policies concerning the logistic sector. Government in Australia is responsible for funding much of infrastructure and transport task. Reference: Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S.A., Tiwari, M.K. and Talluri, S., 2014. An intermodal freight transport system for optimal supply chain logistics.Transportation research part C: Emerging technologies,38, pp.73-84. Crainic, T.G. and Feillet, D., 2015. Introduction to the special issue on City Logistics. DABLANC, L. and RODRIGUE, J.P., 2013. The geography of urban freight: a global typology. In: The geography of urban transportation. del Castillo Tello, S., da Costa Casals, L., Carrasco, P.F., Giralda, V.M., Mozos-Blanco, M.A. and Menendez, E.P., 2015. Freight Transport Plan for a Metropolitan Area-Logistics and Management in the Case of Madrid. InEuropean Transport Conference 2015. Demir, E., Bekta?, T. and Laporte, G., 2014. A review of recent research on green road freight transportation.European Journal of Operational Research,237(3), pp.775-793. Demir, E., Huang, Y., Scholts, S. and Van Woensel, T., 2015. A selected review on the negative externalities of the freight transportation: Modeling and pricing.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,77, pp.95-114. Fahimnia, B., Bell, M.G., Hensher, D.A. and Sarkis, J., 2015. The Future of Green Logistics and Transportation. InGreen Logistics and Transportation(pp. 193-197). Springer International Publishing. Gorman, M.F., 2014. Introduction to the Interfaces Special Issue on Operations Research in Freight Transportation and Logistics. Halim, R.A., Kwakkel, J.H. and Tavasszy, L.A., 2015. A Method to Model Freight Logistics Network for Policy Analysis: An Application to Estimate European Ports Intermodal Logistics Network. InTransportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting(No. 15-3301). Lindsey, C., Mahmassani, H.S., Mullarkey, M., Nash, T. and Rothberg, S., 2014. Industrial space demand and freight transportation activity: exploring the connection.Journal of Transport Geography,37, pp.93-101. Marchet, G., Melacini, M. and Perotti, S., 2014. Environmental sustainability in logistics and freight transportation: a literature review and research agenda.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,25(6), pp.775-811. SteadieSeifi, M., Dellaert, N.P., Nuijten, W., Van Woensel, T. and Raoufi, R., 2014. Multimodal freight transportation planning: A literature review.European journal of operational research,233(1), pp.1-15.