Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim OBriens The...

Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried There are many things that I carry around with me in my daily life that I both need and dont need. Although, I carry many more positive things than I do negative, I know that they are there and how I must learn to use them is essential. Even if I dont carry around physical things like the soldiers in the story, I carry around the thoughts and images of my past and of the opinions and judgments of my future. Troubles that I dealt with as a teenager follow me into my present life now. Sure, we as teenagers made some stupid mistakes, but there are still a few of them that haunt me even to this day. I have learned that they will never disappear because of†¦show more content†¦Although I am half way there, after marrying my wonderful wife, there are still goals that Im striving for. Along side the goals, I carry fantasies that I would find pleasurable to attain. Unlike First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, I have learned that I must deal with real life first and then fantasize. Even thou gh the fantasies surface at peculiar times, I must learn to put them aside in order to attain my tangible goals. This is where Lt. Cross failed. He put his fantasies before the task at hand, the protection of his men, and a tragedy occurred when Ted Lavender was killed. When people let some of the negative things they carry interfere with reality, not only will it ravage someone else, but it will definitely afflict them. Lt. Cross will have to live, always knowing that his fantasies cost Lavender his life. How he deals with that tragedy will be important in his future. Will he let Lavenders death harm him more, by constantly suffering and then sink into a state of depression or will he learn from this mistake and remember it when he fantasizes again! That is what OBrien is wanting us to consider. Dealing with the things we carry can be a troublesome task but we must learn to deal with them in a way that will impact others around us in a positive manner and we can not let our fantasi es outweigh our reality, because harm then, will be inevitable. Tim OBriens short story

Summary Of A Valediction Of Weeping - 1151 Words

A Valediction of Weeping: Grief, Maps and Death John Donne’s poem â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping† is a farewell poem from the speaker to his lover. Whether the farewell is for business or pleasure it is clear that the speaker does not wish to go without his lover. In the poem, the speaker describes the utter bareness of having to leave and hopes it doesn’t kill him. The speaker’s love for his lover is shown through the emotional emptiness that is depicted numerous times throughout the poem. The first stanza starts off with a description of how empty the speaker will be without his lover. The line of the poem sets up the emotion that is to come. When the word pour is used images of a large amount of liquid being emptied from a container†¦show more content†¦As is the same with the tears that these lovers share â€Å"When a tear falls, that thou falls which it bore/ So thou and I are nothing then, when on a diverse shore† (8, 9). When theyâ €™re overcome with so much emotion they become nothing because the other one is so far away. The second stanza takes a turn away from the grief and concentrates on the creation of maps. A cartographer is a map maker being refer to in the second line â€Å"A workman that hath copies by can lay† (11). This reference to a cartographer is a metaphysical conceit, as cartography is a study and requires a higher education that most would receive. As the text suggests, the next line â€Å"And quickly make that, which was nothing, all;† (13) refers to the cartographer being able to create nothing indicating a blank globe being able to fill it with maps of the continents and so creating â€Å"nothing† into â€Å"all†, the blank globe once complete is filled with everything, with â€Å"all†. The speaker then reminds us why the poem is a valediction. Both the speaker and the lover are shedding tears. The speaker and his lover both cry so much that their te ars mix together â€Å"Till thy tears mixed with mine do overflow† (17). The stanza ends with the image of the tears, once mixed together, overflowing and flooding the globe. The image portrays how emotional their love is filled. There also is a comparison between the tears and the ocean. They both have a salt water content, so it naturally makes

Transportation and Freight Logistics Infrastructure Investment

Question: Discuss about theTransportation and Freight Logistics for Infrastructure Investment. Answer: Introduction: Within the regulatory reform and infrastructure investment, the transport and infrastructure sector in Australia has been facing challenge. Need for effective regulation arose due to increase in the movement of goods and services in the dynamic international economy. The regulatory changes brought changes into the growing enables freight task and have come up with the environmental, security and safety challenges. One of the growing challenge for the implementation and design of regulation is balancing the public expectation of safety. The transport sector has remained a target of terrorism both nationally and internationally (Bhattacharya et al. 2014). Security threats are likely to remain in the foreseeable future. As the new cargo security regimes are introduced, security threat are expected to rise. With the increase in variances and volumes, maintenance of risk based regime focusing on higher risk becomes increasingly challenge. Environmental performance of the country would be seriously jeopardized due to increased regulatory reforms. Employment rates of the country is directly impacted by public infrastructure investment of the logistic industry (Crainic and Feillet 2015). Discussion: The regulatory change is becoming increasingly complex across all modes as technology and business models are changing rapidly in light of changing regulations and policies. The emergence of in car technologies has been a growing factor in road safety incidents. The Road safety remuneration tribunal established by road safety remuneration act can hand down orders of other laws. There are areas of inefficient regulation concerning safety standards that poses a restriction on importing of the standards freight (Dablanc and Rodrique 2013). There has been increasing challenge of work safety. There is emerging new environmental challenges with greater risk of extreme weather. With wide ranging socio and economic impact, the logistics industry has become a major contributor to the state and national economies. The changing competition resulting from globalization, information economy and rapid economic changes has caused the industry to respond to such changes. Changing regulatory framework resulting from global financial instability has provided new challenges to the industry. Australia is facing some of the important transport reform challenges. One of the biggest challenge would be in dealing with the emerging congestion. Movement of large numbers of vehicles through towns and cities carrying freight has an impact on amenity of residential areas and on environment. Increased road congestion is also resulting from increased economic activity and population growth. This is one of the safety impact that logistic industry has. This would hinder the movement of freight and w ould have substantial cost imposed on industry (del Castillo et al. 2015). Due to inadequate infrastructure, capacity constraints are experienced by the transport links and resulting in congestion. There is an accommodating difficult natural infrastructure and geographical gaps within and around Sydney. The policies of government designed to reduce the emissions would have the significant impact on the cost structure of industry. Associated attacks and rise of global tourism on western interest has increased the travel and freight risks. Logistic industry would be significantly impacted by the adopted policies and procedures dealing with the climatic change. The policy of shorting the direct calls from international shipping lines would contribute in the cost of goods when they have to be land bridged to and from Melbourne (Lindsey et al. 2014). Following the global financial crisis, the capacity was reduced and it also led to shutting down of some trade route entirely. In the recovery period, such capacity has not turned back and this leads to constraint i n capacity. It has resulted in slow and inefficient routing and has forced up the price. Some other policies concerning environmental and climatic change would have future impact on export of goods from Australia to Europe. This include discrimination against long-haul carriers, efficiency in food supply chain and taxes on European greenhouse gases. Security in the freight industry possess a major problem and some of the important concern is evasion of custom duty, drug smuggling and illegal immigrants. One of the factor that can be regarded as possessing vulnerability to security breaches greater international dimension and less or inefficient regulations. Vast fleet of global shipping, large number of ports and difficulty in detection has made security issue an extremely difficult task (Demir et al. 2015). Due to freight imbalance on goods coming to South Australia has resulted in increasing the cost of outgoing goods. There is a critical shortage of loading facilities, which results in delaying the process of decision-making and effect of mining tax on investment, and shipment in infrastructure affects the logistics infrastructure of the country. There are number of challenges faced by infrastructure of the industry and this would influence the supply chain and freight networks, which are subjected to number of links such as pint points, missing links, and operational restrictions (Marchet et al. 2014). Recommendations needed for eliminating the challenge that will help in increasing the benefits from freight transportation management are as follows: Quality investment decision making has become imperative and there are opportunities for productivity improvement and further reform across transport sector and infrastructure. The challenges of logistic industry concerning environmental, security and safety can be overcome by providing the following recommendations. Some of the problems relating the logistics and freight are related to safety and it is mainly concerning with traffic congestion. There is a need to have better planning of routes. Warehouse should be relocated to some areas that are away from congested areas. For certain vehicle, there needs to be special entry times and city lockouts. Public transport should be encouraged to reduce the number of road vehicles. Widening of exiting motorways can be done for allowing additional traffic (Gorman 2014). The environmental challenges resulting from the inefficient regulatory reforms can be done by showing more support to green technologies. This involves wind and solar power. Companies needs to be made aware of such technologies and waste should be minimized by considering different methods of delivering the products. This also involves material that will help in reducing the costs. For ensuring greater capacity per trip, there needs to have bigger loads and simultaneously minimizing the trips. In order to overcome the poor market conditions, there should be transport and alternative routes. Planning should incorporate monitoring the forecasting of weather. Transport companies should consider different types of weather and possible delays should be avoid by identification of alternative routes. On hot days, management of employees can be improved by installing cooling system and more breaks that would help in avoiding exhaustion of heat (SteadieSeifi et al. 2014). There is a need for freight industry to undertake security assessment and it should form a part of government policies. Assessment would involve identifying the assets, facilities and the impact of damages that can be caused. There should be an evaluation of risks after identification of weaknesses to the utilities, communication system and physical security. Government needs to introduce cargo-screening program. Nonetheless, it is certainly possible that it will incur in delay, disruptions and additional costs and undermine the operational capacity of such cargo. Supply chain security of the logistics industry should be formulated in such a way that it will help in preventing antagonistic threats that would affect the performance of supply chain. There are few areas as suggested by executives of supply chain and these includes visibility, efficiencies, mitigation, validation and performance. Companies needs to focus on addressing security resulting from the inefficient policies and regulatory reforms. A wide range of areas needs to be encompassed and this ranges from areas of border security and customs of material moving between crisis management and fleet security. Conclusion It can be concluded from above discussion that Australian companies are reaping the benefits of reforms that is leading to greater diversity in transportation options, productive and efficient freight sector. Although, there is a better infrastructure quality than ever before, there are various challenges faced by the logistics industry. The challenges discussed concerns mainly with the environmental, security and safety. All such challenges is attributable to inefficient reformatory and legislative policies concerning the logistic sector. Government in Australia is responsible for funding much of infrastructure and transport task. Reference: Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S.A., Tiwari, M.K. and Talluri, S., 2014. An intermodal freight transport system for optimal supply chain logistics.Transportation research part C: Emerging technologies,38, pp.73-84. Crainic, T.G. and Feillet, D., 2015. Introduction to the special issue on City Logistics. DABLANC, L. and RODRIGUE, J.P., 2013. The geography of urban freight: a global typology. In: The geography of urban transportation. del Castillo Tello, S., da Costa Casals, L., Carrasco, P.F., Giralda, V.M., Mozos-Blanco, M.A. and Menendez, E.P., 2015. Freight Transport Plan for a Metropolitan Area-Logistics and Management in the Case of Madrid. InEuropean Transport Conference 2015. Demir, E., Bekta?, T. and Laporte, G., 2014. A review of recent research on green road freight transportation.European Journal of Operational Research,237(3), pp.775-793. Demir, E., Huang, Y., Scholts, S. and Van Woensel, T., 2015. A selected review on the negative externalities of the freight transportation: Modeling and pricing.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,77, pp.95-114. Fahimnia, B., Bell, M.G., Hensher, D.A. and Sarkis, J., 2015. The Future of Green Logistics and Transportation. InGreen Logistics and Transportation(pp. 193-197). Springer International Publishing. Gorman, M.F., 2014. Introduction to the Interfaces Special Issue on Operations Research in Freight Transportation and Logistics. Halim, R.A., Kwakkel, J.H. and Tavasszy, L.A., 2015. A Method to Model Freight Logistics Network for Policy Analysis: An Application to Estimate European Ports Intermodal Logistics Network. InTransportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting(No. 15-3301). Lindsey, C., Mahmassani, H.S., Mullarkey, M., Nash, T. and Rothberg, S., 2014. Industrial space demand and freight transportation activity: exploring the connection.Journal of Transport Geography,37, pp.93-101. Marchet, G., Melacini, M. and Perotti, S., 2014. Environmental sustainability in logistics and freight transportation: a literature review and research agenda.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,25(6), pp.775-811. SteadieSeifi, M., Dellaert, N.P., Nuijten, W., Van Woensel, T. and Raoufi, R., 2014. Multimodal freight transportation planning: A literature review.European journal of operational research,233(1), pp.1-15.

Comparison Of Models For Marginal Biofuels -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparison Of Models For Marginal Biofuels? Answer: Introduction The air we breathe the sun that gives warmth and the clouds that bring the showers are all elements of environment. Where the environment is not taken care of, it results in a number of stakeholders being harmed, and the leading one in this are the humans. This marketing it important to take care of the environment1. Due to the rising awareness on the issues surrounding environment, particularly the negative impact caused on the environment, which results in its detriment, responsibility has been imposed on the regulatory bodies to safeguard the environment2. As a result of this, different regulations have been imposed, where the purpose is to protect and safeguard the environment. These regulations are particularly applicable on the industries, which are known for polluting the environment as a regulatory measure, and acts as guidance for the other industries3. This study focuses on the work done by the power generation industry, and its impact on the environment. Description of Operations and Processes in Power Generation Industry There are different ways of power generation and the top two ways include the electric power generation and the thermal power generation. There is a heavy reliance of the power generation industry on the heating and on the conditioning services. The electric power is generated through central station generators, located in remote areas, which are far from the consumption point. Based on the type of power generation, the particular processes are undertaken. Environmental Aspects, their Impacts and Prioritisation To turn on the light, simply a switch has to be flicked. To get water, a tap has to be turned. No efforts have to be made for breathing the air. These are all the different gifts which are given to us through the nature. Imagining the life without these elements is not even possible now4. But it takes a lot more for the light to come than just flicking a switch. Per se a lot of background activities are undertaken for the light to reach the bulb on flicking a switch. These background activities are undertaken in power generation and by the entire industry dedicated towards power generation. In Singapore, there is no single source for generation of power, and includes natural gas and waste, along with the other means like solar and wind power generation. Some power generation plants use oil fired thermal, some gas, and the others use waste to energy as the source of power generation. There will be a continued reliance on fossil fuel even in the next decade for power generation in the nation due to the substitute energy sources being able to be deployed to limited extent and nuclear power not being in the agenda of the nation in near future5. There are a number of environmental aspects which have a possibility of significantly impacting the environment due to the power generation activities and these include: CO2 emissions are the key polluter which have a negative impact over the environment, and affects the entire ecosystem6. The priority on this is due to the same resulting in global warming, which is the key theme in any and all regulations across the globe, and also included in concepts like corporate governance and corporate social responsibility7. Global warming and climate change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, owing to burning of fossil fuels coupled with deforestation8. Depletion of natural resources is linked with sustainability9. Depletion of marine life due to the naturally occurring natural gas steeping from ocean floor. This is coupled with poisoning and the risks of ruptures and leaks in pipelines10. Hampering biodiversity due to the extinction of different flora, fauna and marine life. Waste accumulation from nuclear reactors is often radioactive, which causes a negative environment impact for years to come11. Indirect land use impacting bio-fuels is related to the unintentional result of CO2 emissions being released owing to the land use changes12. Dislocation of individuals living near reservoirs, due to the depletion of the ecosystem, forcing in the tribal and aboriginal individuals being affected gravely. Disruptive aquatic ecosystems and bird life due to high pollutants in the air. Major release of carbon dioxide at construction and flooding of reservoir. Adverse impact over the river environment due to heavy metal and chlorine in the cooling water discharges13. Risks of terrorism and sabotage when hydroelectricity is used. Catastrophic failures in rare cases of dam wall affecting the life nearby. Geothermal plants having major impact on local ecosystem. Earth tremors caused due to removal of ground water and accelerated cooling of rock formations. Solar power resulting in creation of solar cells made of silica, extraction of which requires fossil fuel, resulting in CO2 being produced14. Fracking or hydraulic fracturing due to use of shale gas15. General population safety due to the possibility of natural gas pipelines, spread across thousands of miles, corroding and weakening over time. In case of rupture in these pipelines, there is possibility of explosions. Example of this can be seen in the corrosions in pipes resulting in the Massachusetts explosions. Another example is of New Mexico where 12 people were killed due to explosion in 200010. Nuclear power posing routine health risks, along with the greenhouse has emission owing to the nuclear fission power Disruption of land wildlife due to drilling for natural gas. hale gas concerns regarding population, for instance groundwater poisoning. Use of other modes like coal again contributes to carbon emissions. In comparison to the other nations, which are major polluters due to reliance on coal, Singapore refrains from using coal as a source of power generation, but this continues to be an alternative source. The info graphic presented below further highlights the use of sources used by different nations for power generation. This shows the reliance by Singapore on the natural gas for power generation, which is a major contributor of carbon emissions16. The key environmental impact due to the power generation industry working in Singapore is the carbon dioxide generation. This is due to the fact that Singapore relies on natural gas for its power generation. When the natural gas is burned, carbon dioxide is produced. Carbon dioxide traps the heat in the upper atmosphere and this results in greenhouse has, which is a major cause for global warming, as per The Natural Gas Supply Association. As per the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) 2012 report, Singapore had the biggest carbon footprint per person in the region of Asia Pacific. For meeting the demands of resources, 3.5 planets would be needed17. This view does not bode well with the government due to their report that emission in the nursing using carbon as a form of power generation is higher in comparison to Singapore. Vivian Balakrishnan, the erstwhile environment minster responded to this by stating that the manner in which Singapore utilizes its resources, the way the transportation system is organized and the way energy is generated, the nation has done far better in comparison to others. Around 80% of the power generation of the nation comes from natural gas which is the cleanest fossil fuel as per Energy Market Authority17. Yet, it cannot be denied that power generation is the key source of carbon emissions in the nation, and due to the limited capacity of the nation to make effective use of the alternative energy sources, reliance is placed heavily on the imported fossil fuel for powering the nation. Due to the increased CO2 levels, the global warning is caused, which in turn causes climate change. When fossil fuels are burnt to generate power, the greenhouse gas emissions are caused. The need for energy is not only rising in Singapore but across the globe. The projected population growth highlights the urgent need to deal with the greenhouse gas emissions. There is also the depletion of natural resources in terms of deforestation, impact on biodiversity, marine life, wildlife and bird life being affected due to the changes in environment and the emissions. Due to the waste accumulation, biodiversity is hampered. The marine life in particular is impacted due to activities like fracking, which in turn impacts the entire ecosystem, including the humans. Even the other modes of power generation are coupled with their shortfalls, resulting in carbon dioxide emissions. To elucidate the risk factor of CO2 emissions, the same has been put in the risk matrix. Risk Matrix Likelihood Unlikely Likely Very Likely Consequences Minor Serious Disaster 25 The remaining risks have been put in a risk assessment matrix, to better analyse their gravity, and the same is attached in Appendix 1. Pollution Control Technologies One cannot deny the fact that power is the main driver to the human progress. For maintaining economic development and the way of life, there is a need for constant access to power and that too at affordable prices. Due to the impact of power on the personal welfare and also on the economic effectiveness, there is a need for maintaining strict quality standards by the power suppliers for providing their services and that too at competitive costs. This requires adherence to extremely high performance ratios. There is also a need to effectively collaborate for developing infrastructure which could guarantee the supply on both medium and long term. Further there is a need to be respectful to the environment, especially owing to the reluctance of the society in continuing to rely on the power generation techniques which are polluting. In order to do so, there is a need to manage the investments and the operating costs in an effective manner. The different power generation sources have to be integrated effectively and this is both for the micro grids to the full scale conventional fuelled plants. There is a need to adopt the IT techniques which could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of services18. Amongst the different energy options, solar energy is the most promising one for the nation. By switching to the other modes of power generation, the emissions related to CO2 can be curbed, which is the key cause of concern for Singapore. There is also the option of switching to the coal as a source of power generation in place of natural gas, but this method is also coupled with high emissions. The other option which could help in dealing with the negative impact of the power generation industry on the environment is cogeneration, which is the generation of electricity and heat through the same process19 Again, this process would help in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases like the CO2. The next manner of bringing down the environmental impact is to create more energy with lesser CO2 emitters, by adopting the lower CO2 emission solutions. One could also make use of shale technology, and the earlier stated solar energy as these are the new technologies, which can bring down the negative impact stated above. Shale gas for the purpose of power generation has already enabled US in achieving major reducing in the CO2 emissions in the past years. This could prove to be of help for Singapore also. Solar power has already seen a major ramp up in the nation in the recent past due to rising efficiency and falling costs in harnessing the power of sun4. Another pollution controlling technology in context of the power generation industry is the shift towards fuel mix. At present, the majority of fuel of the nation comes from the Malaysian and Indonesian natural gas pipelines. Though, by improving upon the technology for harnessing and also storing the electricity, greater reliance on renewable sources are expected, particularly the solar energy. In context of solar energy, it has already been announced by the government of Singapore that the electricity demand would be met through solar means by 2020 to 5%. Fuel mix would also drive developments in the clean technology in context of shale gas extraction and burning goal, which are both cheap and abundant sources. However, both of these are coupled with limitations due to the groundwater poising through sale gas and coal resulting in carbon emissions. In line with the regulations of Singapore, there is a need to bring worth and support the policies based on the economic principle of t axing the negative externalities. For instance, the present road use tax for congested roads, cigarette taxation imposed on passive smokers, and emissions from car for pollution created20. Recommended Control Measures From the different alternatives discussed above, the best two options for controlling the pollution, management impacts and complying with the regulations of the nation, are reliance being placed on solar energy and cogeneration. The reason for focus on these two measures stems from the fact that both of these help in reducing the carbon emissions. The different regulations which would be fulfilled with this reduction include the Environmental Pollution Control Act and the Environmental Pollution Control (Air Impurities) Regulations21. Alternative energy sources This is the best time for investments to be made in the alternative energy sources, particularly the renewable energy sources like solar energy. As stated earlier, solar power is being increasingly used in Singapore for the purpose of power generation and is in line with the more conventional sources. As peer Alvin Yeo, who held the post of director of industry development of the Energy Market Authority, there has been a nineteen fold jump in the nation in the solar powered energy, which is further supported by a number of government initiatives. Solar energy is relied on more and more due to its abundance and due to it being a clean energy solution. These help particularly in checking the carbon emissions. It also helps in hedging the energy spending due to the low prices being locked for longer periods in comparison to the other sources, particularly the ones with fluctuating prices4. Singapore is particularly well suited for the solar energy due to the perennial sunny climate. There has been a major fall in the prices of solar panels due to the entry of China as a producer in the market of solar panels20. Solar energy is the most promising opportunity for the nation as a power generation source, particularly due to the fall in the solar photovoltaic panel prices, and this has made solar energy economical in comparison to the electricity which is derived from the fossil fuels. The SolarNova programme has also been brought forth to accelerate the solar development and to promote the solar demand across the agencies16. Though, in making use of solar power, care would have to be taken, as this mode of power generation is also coupled with its disadvantages. When the solar cells are created, they are made primarily of silica from the sand. When the silicon is extracted from silica, it often requires the usage of fossil fuels. However, the newer manufacturing processes of the same have helped in elimination of the CO2 production. Also, there is the problem of upfront costs to environment due to production but the clean energy offered through solar power cannot be denied across the lifespan of solar cell. Thus, more or less, the demerits of solar energy are cancelled out. Cogeneration In order to generate energy and power in a more responsible manner, reliance could be placed on cogeneration, where both heat and electricity are generated from the very same process which helps in getting a higher amount of useful energy in same fuel amount. In the majority of power plants which are across the globe, 2/3rd of energy which is produced gets wasted in form of excess heat. As a result of this, the fuel is not made use of to the max of its efficiency. When cogeneration is adopted, a part of the heat generated through the burning of fuel gets captured and is recycled for the other processes or for the purpose of building heat. This helps in extracting higher sum of useful energy from the same fuel, resulting in higher fuel efficiency. This in turn results in the fuel consumption being reduced, which causes emissions of carbon dioxide to be reduced19. Cogeneration technology is basically the energy efficient solution for the facilities which required electricity and thermal energy. The investment in such technology would help in reducing carbon emissions and also in saving costs. This technology is already being used at Singapore Refinery site since October 2017 at Pioneer Road. This has resulted in energy efficiency of the refinery being increased by 4-5% which has brought down 265 kilo tonnes of CO2 emissions each year19. Conclusions Thus, from the discussion undertaken in the previous segments, it becomes clear that power generation in Singapore is coupled with a number of negative environmental impacts and the leading one in this is the carbon dioxide emissions, which create ripple effects and result in different a number of issues like global warming, depletion of wildlife and natural resources, disrupting the biodiversity and even causes threat on the life of general public. Due to these reasons, it becomes crucial to deal with this issue; and for this purpose, different pollution control measures could be deployed. The best options in this regard however have been covered in detail in the recommendation segment and these two are the reliance being placed on solar energy and cogeneration. Through the adoption of these two measures, the carbon dioxide emissions, which are the key cause of concern from the present day power generation activities in the nation, can be given away with. This would also help in bri nging down the costs associated with power generation in the nation. References Hoffman AJ, Georg S. Business and the Natural Environment. Hoffman AJ, Georg S, editors. Oxon: Routledge; 2013. Nurdianto DA. Energy perspectives on Singapore and the region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies; 2007. Gray WB, editor. Economic costs and consequences of environmental regulation. Oxon: Routledge; 2018 Jan 18. Warren Fernandez. How will Singapore power the future? Experts discuss energy options [Internet]. Singapore: The Straits Times. 2016 July 10 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/how-will-singapore-power-the-future Finenko A, Cheah L. Carbon Dioxide Reduction Potential in Singapores Power Generation Sector. Energy Procedia. 2014; 61:527 532. Ng WH. Singapore, the Energy Economy: From the First Refinery to the End of Cheap Oil, 1960-2010. Oxon: Routledge; 2013 May 24. Boubaker S, Nguyen DK. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: Emerging markets focus. Singapore: World Scientific; 2014 Sep 26. Cen KF, Chi Y, Yan J, editors. Challenges of power engineering and environment: proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2007. New York: Springer Science Business Media; 2009 Mar 27. George G, Schillebeeckx SJ, Liak TL. The management of natural resources: An overview and research agenda. Academy of Management Journal. 2015 Dec 1; 58(6):1595-613. Tony Oldhand. The Negative Effects of Natural Gas. [Internet]. New York: Healthy Living. 2018 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/the-negative-effects-of-natural-gas-12517105.htm Goswami DY, Kreith F, editors. Energy efficiency and renewable energy handbook. London: CRC Press; 2015 Sep 9. Edwards R, Mulligan D, Marelli L. Indirect land use change from increased biofuels demand. Comparison of models and results for marginal biofuels production from different feedstocks., EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra. 2010 Sep. Rosenbaum WA. American energy: the politics of 21st century policy. Australia: CQ Press; 2014 Feb 18. Vinutha HD, Kaddi SS. Electric Load Assessment. Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Computer Engineering. 2016 Jan 25; Rahm D. Regulating hydraulic fracturing in shale gas plays: The case of Texas. Energy Policy. 2011 May 1; 39(5):2974-81. Power Generation. [Internet]. Singapore: NCCS. 2018 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/reducing-emissions/power-generation Jeffrey Hays. Environmental Issues in Singapore: Global Warming, Sumatran Fires. Recycling and the Illegal Animal Trade. [Internet]. Singapore: Facts and Details. 2008 [updated 2015; June cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Singapore/sub5_7a/entry-3795.html The future of the global power sector. [Internet]. London: Deloitte. 2015 [June cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Energy-and-Resources/gx-power-future-global-power-sector-report.pdf Joshua Wong. Generating power responsibly. [Internet]. Singapore: The Straits Times. 2017 Dec 11 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/how-will-singapore-power-the-future Euston Quah and Christabelle Soh. Dynamic future in power generation. [Internet]. Singapore: The Straits Times. 2014 Oct 29 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/dynamic-future-in-power-generation Ministry of Environment. Chapter 1 Overviews of Environmental Issues and Environmental Conservation Measures in Singapore. [Internet] Japan: Ministry of Environment. 2012 [cited 2018 Feb 05]. Available from: https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/oemjc/singa/e/singapore_e_1.pdf

English Speech Essay Example

English Speech Paper What is a distinctive voice? How are great ideas communicated? What do you want your audience to think, feel, act or do? I am here to tell you all these things so listen up as I try to convince you that effective speeches require a distinctive voice. I will explore the effects of distinctive voices In Martin Luther Kings l have a dream speech, John. F. Keenness Inaugural address and Nelson Mandelas Inaugural address. Passion Is a fundamental aspect of speeches and It comes through the sustained use language techniques, which Martin Luther King Jar explored in his l have a dream speech. MILK was a passionate leader and a civil rights activist who pushed for racial quality in America in 1963. Kings lavish use of metaphors such as America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked Insufficient funds which signifies how America has overlooked the Negroes, is a clear representation of how distinctive voices need great ideas. One of the key Ideas King proposed was racial discrimination for Instance the Negro Is soul languishing In the corners of American society and finds himself an exile In his own land portrays the white peoples disclaim towards the Negroes. Another strong adaptor are slaves for example, I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. Slaves implies Injustice and Is a highly evocative word for both black and white people. Slave-owners were white and black and white are thus bought together. Hence, red hints at blood, implying the pain, struggle and injustice the Negroes suffered. Kings preaching voice confirms he was a Baptist minister and is reflected in biblical illusions such as Let us seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness which evokes Jeremiah 2:1 5 and represents a heartbreaking voice of Negroes In despair. We will write a custom essay sample on English Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer HIS persuasiveness further helped change the nations racial landscape for the better and motivated the audience to act or change their attitude. His preaching and passionate voice along with the use of language techniques portrays how great ideas need great voices. Im sure many of you have heard candidates presenting Inaugural addresses after elections. Have you heard of John. . Kennedys Inaugural address? J. F. K was the 1 OFF youngest man elected us president Ana ten TLS Roman catholic president . Nine voice that is evident in his speech is a hopeful voice of a political leader striving for peace which is highlighted in metaphors such as tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, which represents the Cold war. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of poverty and all forms of human life is another compelling metaphor which demonstrates that we can eradicate poverty but we can also take away life. Jiffs inclusive language such as We is fascinating because he is including all Americans in his belief. Emotive language such as We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty appeals to the audiences emotions and helps to achieve his aim for freedom and human rights. Rhetorical questions such as Will you join in that historic effort? Leaves the audience thinking whether they will adhere to forging against enemies and combat for peace and freedom. Can you see how his read ideas shine because of his passionate voice, inclusive language, and language techniques? Most of you have probably heard of the famous name Nelson Mandela. Mandela was the first black president of South Africa who got rid of apartheid and helped end legal racial segregation in his nation. His Inaugural address can be described as a motivational, persuasive and inspirational speech. It represents the voice of a visionary and an enthusiastic leader as seen in metaphors like such as the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a rebel conflict which refers to the anguish they endured through the apartheid system. His passion and courage embodied a distinctive voice that exclaims their rights for freedom, Justice and peace which is highlighted in metaphors like Valley of darkness, which refers to the desolation they lived in, and blood-thirsty forces who still refuse to see the light. Mandela found success because he was able to make people want him to win, engage their emotions and involve them in his endeavourers and make it their own. Parallelisms such as he time for the healing of wounds has come the moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come the time to build is upon us God bless Africa! portrays their progress into a new beginning and shows he has found a way to dig deep into South Africans hearts. Emotive language such as We shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without fear in their hearts is very touching and is similar to Kings dream where little black boys and black girls will be able to Join hands with little white girls ND white boys. His charisma, self-depreciating sense of humor and lack of bitterness over his harsh treatment as well as the use of native tongue within the speech makes It powerful Ana relevant to onlookers scallop. I nose qualities snap his meanings and reflected a distinguished voice. Now are you convinced that effective speeches require a distinctive voice? You should now have a broader understanding of how great ideas need great voices. Without a passionate, courageous, confident and a distinctive voice, your speech will not be very effective in retorting your key ideas and accomplishing success. Ideas shape the course of history and a distinctive voice is the root of great ideas. These great speaker with great voices have changed the universe by inspiring people so never doubt that a small, group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. I therefore challenge you to participate in this process whenever you say a speech because who knows? Maybe one day youll be an effective leader like Mandela, Kennedy or King or you can participate in creating change to make the world a better place.

Free Essays on A Review On The Lecture Titled ‘Administrative Value Of Anthropology’

Sir Temple speaks about nature and uses of sciences, and in this lecture, he stresses on the uses of Anthropology, a subject increasing in popularity over the years. â€Å"Anthropology,† he says â€Å"is the study of mankind in all its possible ramifications, a subject far too wide for any one science to cover†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This science is classified into four different heads. Physical Anthropology is the study of human anatomy, his physical appearance, differences in physical features of different people, and their classifications. There are two sides to this study. One is the physical features, and the other, the physical actions, instincts, customary gestures, etc. A person’s actions, reactions, his tools he uses to make efficient work, no matter how crude, is studied under the technological aspect of anthropology. The society in which he lives, the customs, traditions and the way he uses his abstract reasoning, can be seen by the artifacts of the society. The abstract reasoning of a people is seen clearly by the idea of festivals, celebrations, and the organization in a pastoral field, etc. Man also is found to make items which are not for any purpose, but which represents the culture of the society he lives in. This he may use to adorn his house, or his person. He may also be interested in heavenly bodies and in experiments which have no direct benefit for him. This is the part of the Arts and Sciences the inquirer is interested in. These studies can be put to practical use. Sir Richard has illustrated the administration of the Empire of Great Britain in the early 1900’s, with the diversity of subjects from Africans, to Indians, to Chinese, to Arabians. This diversity of culture cannot be put under a general mass of subjects, with the negligence of the cultural differences all over the world. One must study the empire bit by bit, culture by culture. To begin with, one must study the geographical areas of the target society, which wi... Free Essays on A Review On The Lecture Titled ‘Administrative Value Of Anthropology’ Free Essays on A Review On The Lecture Titled ‘Administrative Value Of Anthropology’ Sir Temple speaks about nature and uses of sciences, and in this lecture, he stresses on the uses of Anthropology, a subject increasing in popularity over the years. â€Å"Anthropology,† he says â€Å"is the study of mankind in all its possible ramifications, a subject far too wide for any one science to cover†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This science is classified into four different heads. Physical Anthropology is the study of human anatomy, his physical appearance, differences in physical features of different people, and their classifications. There are two sides to this study. One is the physical features, and the other, the physical actions, instincts, customary gestures, etc. A person’s actions, reactions, his tools he uses to make efficient work, no matter how crude, is studied under the technological aspect of anthropology. The society in which he lives, the customs, traditions and the way he uses his abstract reasoning, can be seen by the artifacts of the society. The abstract reasoning of a people is seen clearly by the idea of festivals, celebrations, and the organization in a pastoral field, etc. Man also is found to make items which are not for any purpose, but which represents the culture of the society he lives in. This he may use to adorn his house, or his person. He may also be interested in heavenly bodies and in experiments which have no direct benefit for him. This is the part of the Arts and Sciences the inquirer is interested in. These studies can be put to practical use. Sir Richard has illustrated the administration of the Empire of Great Britain in the early 1900’s, with the diversity of subjects from Africans, to Indians, to Chinese, to Arabians. This diversity of culture cannot be put under a general mass of subjects, with the negligence of the cultural differences all over the world. One must study the empire bit by bit, culture by culture. To begin with, one must study the geographical areas of the target society, which wi...

Australiana Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Australiana Literature - Essay Example e again tends to generates a dedoublement, one that there is no mistaking this time, and one that, if only for the reason that Whites tributary insertion of Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov into his own text, is noticeably self-referring. Is its resolution of this crisis - if that is what it is - recognizable as well? To answer in terms of Whites theme of representation-at-the-margin a good number of his story White holds out an optimism of an Australian vernacular writing that will yet remain in touch with a parent European Writing (Wilke p 97). Finally, however, what has seemed a bearable, if problematic relationship between Arthur and Waldo - and we are talking constantly regarding possibilities of representation - proves to be non-viable. As a replacement for of making for a productive synthesis, the narratives in the novel are known as "Arthur" and "Waldo" is but the same crisis of potentially aggressive confusion seen from somewhat different viewpoints. except the fact that white sees a number of positive sacrificial meaning at this point only obvious conclusion in The Solid Mandala is collapse or regression into an undifferentiated condition, into the extremely confusion of Same as well as Other it has tried to reconcile: Waldo Brown, dead of spite, in addition to his non-identical twin Arthur, sent to a mental institution, and keeping just one of his four solid mandalas. The conflict never affected their relationship as Arthur said at one occasion Ill kill," Arthur continued to bellow, "the pair of you bloody buggers if you touch," he choked, "my brother."( White p45) this showed how one brother protected the other Bound together in conflict, Waldo and Arthur represent duality in totality. Separate yet whole, the brothers symbolize the two opposing halves of the self. White advocates the need for both parts as well as for balance between the two. For example, Arthur’s insight—his almost visionary capability—is too otherworldly for this

Nature and nurture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature and nurture - Research Paper Example When one speaks of nature, they are referring to heredity, the genetic structure of an individual passed down to them by their parents. A few examples of inherited traits or nature include a person’s IQ, height/weight, behavioral patterns, general appearance and disposition, all of which significantly impact a child’s development. The environment or nurturing influences that a child experiences while growing up also significantly impacts their development but how much outside stimulus can affect or counteract genetic predispositions continues to be studied and varies at least to some extent in each individual. Some fundamental nurturing dynamics, nutrition for example, have been revealed to play an integral role in determining a child’s development. Other external factors such as fears experienced by a child can become ingrained and manifest into any one of many maladies surfacing throughout that child’s lifetime. Nurturing activities such as behavioral te chniques taught by disciplinary measures and observations is an important aspect of child development as well. Proper behavior will not develop if not learned as a child. Behavior has been proven to be dependant more so on nurture than nature. (Blanz, 1991 pp. 939–950) To better understand the extent nature, or genetics, has on the development of children; researchers have conducted many studies involving twins who were raised in differing environments, by different types of parents. One study involved the ‘Jim twins’ a set of identical twins who were raised apart. Though they had never met, the brothers and researchers discovered many similarities between the now 40 year olds. The conclusion that no credible explanation existed for the similarities except nature plays an important role in child development. â€Å"The Minnesota twin study concluded that on multiple measures of personality and temperament, occupational and leisure-time interests and social attitu des, mono-zygotic twins reared apart are about as similar as are mono-zygotic twins reared together† (Flanagan). Researchers have also examined adopted siblings within the same family, in other words children who share nurturing circumstances but are not related biologically to their parents or siblings.   A study conducted by the Texas Adoption Project concluded that there was â€Å"little similarity between adopted children and their siblings, and greater similarity between adopted children and their biological parents† (Flanagan). This study showed that nature indeed plays a pivotal role in how a child will develop therefore predictions can be made as to how to best accommodate positive outcomes. An example would be if biological parents have a particular learning disability, their children are more likely to develop the same condition and steps can be taken early on to address it. (Rowe, p. 55) Much of how we develop our personalities is thus shaped by the way in which we are treated by our parents and caregivers and affected by the education we receive, the culture we are raised in and the social adherence to these cultural norms we encounter. The things that happen to us throughout our lives also affect the way our personalities develop. Major events such as a death in the family, a significant move, changes in the family order (through divorce, remarriage, new births,

A Reflection on Personal Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Reflection on Personal Life - Essay Example In 1999, when I was 6, I went to the village of my grandparents in Sacramento with my whole family. We went there for the Christmas celebrations and especially to see my parents’ old house in Sacramento. My parents fell in love in their early age living in the same village. The memories of visiting the village are very beautiful and touching. Our cousins and other relatives were very happy to see us during the Christmas holidays, as we never celebrated the event with them previously. I liked the social gathering system there to welcoming the guests very warmly. Maybe, as a child I enjoyed it by playing with children and receiving gifts from Santa and my elder sister could not feel the charms of childhood as I did. After coming back to home, I missed the company of my relatives and the village life; those were very energetic and delightful for me. I got admission in a new school when I was 12 years old. In the growing age, I found my teeth were little crooked. Before joining th e new school, I did not feel it as a fault for my body image, but some bully student of the school exposed it in a harsh manner. I was so depressed on the first day of this realization. I stopped to smile openly by hiding the bad image of my teeth. Mostly, I prayed to have beautiful teeth in the Church. I was a sensitive child and did not like to share my sad feelings with my parents. However, after a few stressful months, I accepted the reality of my teeth but could not mingle with everyone to avoiding any taunting behaviour.

Sustainability in construction and environmental impact of the construction industry

Sustainability in construction and environmental impact of the construction industry Sustainability in Construction There are many definitions of Sustainability, it has been evaluated as Sustainability is adapting the ways we all live and work towards meeting needs, while minimising the impacts of consumption and providing for people of today and not endangering the generations of tomorrow. [1] At the heart of sustainable development is the simple idea of ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for the future generations. It means achieving social, economic and environmental objectives at the same time. It will give us a more inclusive society in which the benefits of increased economic prosperity are widely shared, with less pollution and more efficient use of natural resources. [2] Sustainable development was defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable construction aims to provide ways for buildings to use fewer raw materials and less energy, cause less pollution and less waste but still provide the benefits that construction projects have brought throughout history. Most definitions stress that sustainability requires making decisions that recognise the connections between actions and effects in the environment, economy and society. Sustainability is often seen as an ethically and moral debate. Social, environmental and economic needs must be met in a balance with each other for sustainable outcomes in the long term. [3] Sustainable construction is meeting environmental and social responsibilities, and at the same time improving profitability. The key characteristics of sustainable construction are similar to those set for sustainable development, the end result is to reduce a firms detrimental effects on the environment. The industry is defined by a number of sectors, all who plan, design, build, alter or maintain the built environment. Also its subsidiaries, those who manufacture materials, suppliers, and end of life occupiers or owners. The entire life cycle of any structure, from initial concept to demolition must be encompassed in the definition of sustainable construction. Buildings and structures change the face of towns and countryside, and their construction, use, repair, maintenance, and demolition consume vast amounts of energy and resources compared to many other industrial sectors. [4] The environmental Impact of the Construction Industry The government has stated that the construction, occupation and maintenance of buildings account for around 50% of the UKs total CO2 emissions. [5] The construction process and building use not only consume the most energy of all sectors in the UK and create the most CO2 emissions, they also create the most waste, use most non-energy related resources, and are responsible for the most pollution. In light of government plans to reduce the United Kingdoms CO2 emissions by 80% based on 1990 levels [6], the construction industry is at the forefront for reducing emissions in industrialised nations and the United Kingdom is no exception. Code for Sustainable Homes The code for Sustainable homes is a framework which has been put in place by the government as a step change towards producing more sustainable homes. The code is a result of a working relationship between the Building Research Establishment (BRE) and the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA). The main aim of the code is to provide the construction industry a drive towards continuous improvement, greater innovation and exemplary achievement in sustainable home building. [7] The code enhances the use of Energy Performance Certificates which is a result of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The Energy Performance Certificates are used in new homes whenever they are sold or leased and are an indicator of carbon performance of the home. There are 9 main design categories covered in the code as follows: * Energy/CO2 * Pollution * Water * Health and well-being * Materials * Management * Surface water run-off * Ecology * Waste

Sir William Wallace :: essays research papers

The Help of Sir William Wallace Sir William Wallace is one of Scotland’s greatest generals and was a great help towards the freedom of Scotland because he brought patriotism to the minds of his fellow Scotsmen in order fight for the freedom for which was nearly taken away by the their English neighbors. He would ride through Scotland gathering clans both from the high and lowlands. Over the years after his death, Scots have proclaimed Sir William Wallace as their countries hero and the man who made freedom run through the blood of so many who were by his side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hundreds of years before the time of Sir William Wallace, Roman troops tried to conquer parts of Scotland but failed. The savagery of the Scots put the fear in the Romans and caused them to build Hadrian’s Wall. The wall separated Scotland and England (which was part of the Roman Empire). When the great empire fell to destruction by many Germanic tribes, Scots began to live a more peaceful life. During the Norman conquest of 1066, a group of people called the Normans invaded England, killed many Anglo-Saxon and Celtic tribes, and took over the country. England was now under Norman rule and would stay that way. (Compton’s Home Encyclopedia CD Rom)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1296, English troops invaded the lowlands of Scotland burning villages, killing innocent Scots, and trying to over rule the vast countrysides of the lowlands and the highlands. The new ruler of England, King Edward I the Long Shanks, started all this. He believed that he should have control of the whole island itself. His idea about conquering Scotland was that if he can’t beat them out, then he could breed them out. He brought the old English custom called Prima Noctes; if a woman is married in the country of Scotland, an English lord has every right to take her away from her husband for a few days and have his ways with her. Clans of lowlanders came together to form an army. It took awhile for the highlanders to know about this. Conflicts brook out between the Scottish rebels and English troops. Bows and arrows and other combat weapons were taken from the Scots except for their swords and axes. (Compton’s Home Encyclopedia CD Rom)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The answer to Scotland’s problems came with the birth of William Wallace. His exact date of birth is unknown but he was born in the 1270’s.

Reason And Experience Essay

Many rationalist philosophers argue that we have at least some innate knowledge of concepts such as God, Maths and causation. However, an empiricist would disagree, arguing that we have no knowledge at birth, our minds are tabula rasa and all our concepts are essentially derived from sense experience. Most rationalists subscribe to the view that maths is innate; Plato argues this using the concept of equality and geometry. He presents us with the scenario of judging whether two sticks are equal in size, we use equality, a concept which we haven’t experienced as nothing in the world is exactly equal, rather â€Å"almost equal†, although this concept still contains equal – thus, he argues that equality is an innate concept. He presents another example of when Socrates discussed geometry with a slave child. Socrates presented the child with a question on geometry which he happened to answer correctly, all without any prior knowledge or experience of geometry. Plato suggests that Socrates triggered innate knowledge within the child. An empiricist would respond to the concept of equality by stating that â€Å"almost equal† does not contain the concept equal, rather â€Å"almost equal† is itself a simple concept derived from sense experience upon comparing objects. The sticks would always differ in length by some amount; therefore we can form the concept of equal by abstracting two sticks which differ by no length. In regards to the slave boy argument, Socrates enquires the boy through leading questions, a method where he can learn the rules and relationships and apply it to the original question. In Descartes’ â€Å"Trademark argument†, he claims that we have an innate idea of God. He claims that we are imperfect and finite minds, and God is something which we could not have come up with as he is both infinite and perfect. We also haven’t experienced anything infinite or perfect in the physical world, thus Descartes concludes that our concept of God is innate. Hume objects to this argument, stating that we formed the idea of God through abstraction and negation, since we are familiar of things which are finite and imperfect, we can then imagine the opposite, something which is infinite and perfect. Descartes follows up to this, saying that the initial concept of perfection is necessary to make comparisons in order to recognise imperfection. Upon closer inspection, we can see that there is an inconsistency in Descartes’ argument, he claims we have a clear and distinct idea that God is perfect and infinite, yet he claims as finite minds we cannot form a clear idea of God’s infinity. Descartes expects us to acknowledge that the idea of God is positive – meaning the concept of infinity and perfection is not formed through opposite their opposite meanings, yet we only have a negative idea of God as we are finite, we therefore must be the cause of the idea. Another prominent cause of division between rationalists and empiricists is the concept of causation. Rationalists argue that causation cannot be experienced through sense impressions; to illustrate this, an example of one ball striking a second ball is often used. The second ball appears to have moved off, initially it may seem as though it was the cause of the first ball, but in fact the movement of all the balls were controlled by magnets. Rationalists would conclude that causation is an innate concept as it cannot be acquired through sense experience, as shown in the example it seemed as though the first ball was the cause of the second ball moving off even though this isn’t the case. Hume tackles causation by arguing that patterns which repeat themselves are regarded as causation. To illustrate this, if we heard thunder immediately before clapping our hands, we would think nothing of it. If the same thing happened a minute later, we would still regard it as coincidence. Although if this continued to happen for a fourth, fifth or sixth time, we would begin to think that clapping our hands was the cause – yet the only difference between the first and the sixth time was the repetition. Hume concludes that that the feeling of causation is simply the result of repetition and is simply nothing more than a habit. Taking all this into account, it appears that the many ideas which rationalists claim are innate actually originate from sense experience, just like all other ideas. Having even some innate ideas is not possible, as John Locke stated, at birth are minds our tabula rasa, therefore there are no innate ideas in the human mind. If there were, it would mean there are propositions which everyone would assent to, including children and â€Å"idiots† – but there clearly aren’t.

Karma Essays - Reincarnation, Shabda, Indian Religions, Free Essays

Karma Essays - Reincarnation, Shabda, Indian Religions, Free Essays Karma What is the relation, if any, of the concept of varna to the concept of karma? Of karma to the doctrine of reincarnation? The concepts of varna and karma are each closely related to the eastern civilization religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Varna and karma go hand in hand with each other to explain themselves, as does karma with the doctrine of reincarnation. The complicated explanation of all of these concepts follows. In order to understand the concept of karma, one must first understand the term varna. An appropriate definition would be the rise of class system, which the Hindus adhere to. An English translation of varna, however, is simply the word color (Noss 87). There are four social classes that break down the class system otherwise known as varna. Beginning with the highest class, there is the Brahmins or priests, followed by the ruling Kshatriyas, the Vaisyas (common people), and finally the Shudras (servants). The Brahmins said that if one was a member of any of the first three classes to be extremely careful to avoid the Shudras (Noss 87). Now that we have somewhat of an understanding of varna, the concept of karma can be more easily explained. Karma simply stated is that the way one lives his or her life now determines destiny or fate. In other words, the consequences of ones actions in this life will determine what they do or become in the next life. Therefore, karma is what made one who he or she is in the present life due to the actions the person portrayed in his or her previous life. Karma is the cause of ones destiny in the future life, and is what caused a person to be who he or she is today. Now we will explain the relationship between varna and karma. Lets imagine the following situation. There are two people living in the Vaisyas class of commoners. One of them does only good deeds, has good thoughts, and portrays an all around good sense of well being. The other person commits crimes, has bad thoughts, and portrays an over all sense of evil or no good. The first person will perhaps become a member of the Kshatriya class, moving up on the wheel of samsara. The other person will most likely become a Shudra in the next life. So, perhaps in their most recent previous lives, the first person was a good person of the Shudra class, and samsara declared that he or she rise in class; and the second person may have been a bad person of the Kshatriya class, therefore he or she declined in class. There are endless possibilities, but the relationship between karma and varna is obvious here. Simply stated, karma determines varna. Next we will look at the doctrine of reincarnation as it relates to karma. Reincarnation is an easier concept to grasp than karma. Reincarnation can be defined as the never-ending time line of life. In other words, we all have been someone or something else before or present life began, and after the present life is over, we will become someone or something else again. Karma is what determines who or what we will become. Karma develops our own fate and destiny for reincarnation. The life one lives now determines what he or she will be reincarnated as. Just as karma determined varna, karma now determines reincarnation. Just incase, these ideas are the true meaning of the after-life, I suppose I shall adhere to good karma so that maybe in my next life I can be a member of the highest class.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists essays

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists essays Before long, the Articles of Confederation proved to be insufficient in establishing law and order in early America. A Constitution was drafted, giving more power to the national government and setting up an intricate system to balance this power. Federalists, supporters of this constitution, debated with their opponent Anti-Federalists regarding whether or not to ratify the newly proposed system. Federalists advocated allowing the national government to pass laws and later judge their constitutionality. In order to accomplish this without the government getting too powerful, the proposed regime was broken into three branches, each keeping the other two in check. Under this system, the government would be able to create laws which apply to all the states. Individual states would still have the power to pass their own laws. Anti-Federalists responded to this with criticism. Richard Henry Lee stated that the checks and balance system would be too restricting on the different branches, resulting in progress being extremely difficult to impossible. Further, he conjectured that the people of all the states must be willing to come together and follow the same laws, which in his opinion is unlikely. Luther Martin argued that the constitution should be developed by the states, providing the example of the peaceful state-led compilation of the Articles of Confederation. Protecting the minority was a Federalist priority. In the proposed system, representative legislature would prevent smaller factions interests from being completely ignored. To Anti-Federalists the system seemed fundamentally flawed in that the legislature could be influenced by a few powerful men, changing power from the hands of the many to those of the few and thus ignoring most peoples interests. Lee stated that Federalists wanted to adopt the constitution only as a stepping stone to give themselves more power and influence. Further,...

Small Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Groups - Essay Example The norms that surround the group are very healthy for the group as well as for the organization. Members who have just entered the organization have various creative ideas, which help in looking at a problem from different perspectives and these perspectives help in the stage of obtaining various solutions of the decision making process. Work never stops within the group as group members are ready to replace and help each other if a particular group member has to take a leave or doesn’t have enough knowledge, skills and abilities to perform a particular job. My own role within the group is that of a leader, my main task is to influence other group members to ensure that they work for the well being of the company and others working within the group. My secondary task involves allocation of resources and ensuring that the right resources are available to the right members at the right time so they can continue working and there is not obstacle while they perform their task. I even act as a mediator between the group members and the members of the organization that are situated in the top most level of the organization. The group members have considerable amount of influence on my behavior, their awareness and experience power have made me and the group dependant on them. Their understanding and know-how is very important for the achievement of the tasks and accomplishment of the tasks is important for my status within the organization. Due to this I behave in a very considerate manner with the followers, I allow them to be creative and to come up with different opinions which may help me in decision making process. The pride and high opinion they have for me and other group members help me follow the ethical code of conduct. I as a leader am very emotionally intelligent; I continuously look for emotional issues faced by the members of the groups which help me in dealing with their issues. Due to

Theory practice gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Theory practice gap - Essay Example Consequently, the assumption that theory taught in class must directly apply in the nursing practice for it to be relevant can barely be termed as true. Nursing, therefore, cannot be viewed as a theory but rather as a practice. From the above observations, one would not term nursing theory as a science. This is because theory in nursing inadequately attempts to represent information that cannot be represented in theoretical form. While theorists propose that ‘nursing theories’ can be used by nurses to justify their interventions, it is important t consider that nursing is a dynamic field that cannot rely on theoretical knowledge for development. Nursing practice remains the most reliable source of knowledge for this discipline and as such, there is a need for change of the way nurses are trained, and are equipped with nursing skills. Unless this is done, students graduating from colleges will remain to find it difficult to familiarize with nursing

Business ethics nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business ethics nature - Essay Example Numerous ethical problems have been identified in the article which impact on the business of multinationals in foreign nations. Besides, the article highlights the aspect of culture which can also have an impact on ethical business performance (Lau, 2013). The objective of the report is to discuss the article in brief regarding the essence of its topic and ethical aspects. The report also discusses the ways of resolving the identified issues of ethics and culture faced by people. An Overview of the Essence of the Article The article discusses about globalisation, cultural shock and significance of teaching business ethics. It is a common awareness that business and ethics are not companionable, due to this reason, business at times contributes to unethical manners of commercial activities. Several business scandals, in recent times, prove the fact that unethical business activities are prevalent in organisations. However, unethical activities have their own costs. Due to these inher ent costs, which are related with unethical business activities, this trend is gradually changing since executives distinguish that unethical business decisions have an influence on the goodwill of an organisation (Lau, 2013). The article also emphasised on teaching business ethics in universities. Ethics in this context is considered as a set of principles people use in order to determine whether their actions are good or bad. Every organisation faces certain ethical consequences. Ethical organisations attract quality employees and the prevailing ethical practices result in higher level of job satisfaction. It is a common fact that in the long run, ethical organisations can financially overtake unethical organisations (Lau, 2013). Discussion The article discusses about globalisation and the impact of culture on making adjustments in a foreign nation. Furthermore, the article also discusses about understanding the importance of business ethics in modern day business environment. In this context, it can be stated that globalisation is creating universal standards for commercial activities and these activities are becoming more demanding in multinational organisations. Since more multinational organisations are adopting these standards, it becomes ever more vital for every business to develop companywide core principles, standards of behaviour and relevant policies which are in tune with the world ethics and compliance environment (Dutton, 2011). The article states about cultural shock which is experienced by students who arrive in a foreign country for the purpose of study or for occupation. In a foreign nation, people require to make certain adjustments. In essence, cultural shock is common for every individual when they experience an unaccustomed mode of life in a new nation. To put in simple words, cultural shock is considered as a simple travel to other sort of life. In modern days, cultural shock plays vital part in intercultural communication and in assoc iated disciplines such as cross-culture education (Dutton, 2011). The multinational organisations have to predominately deal with the notion of cultural shock amid a number of their expatriate

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Genetically modified (GM) foods, a fairly recent development that came about from research in genetic engineering, pose a potential threat to human and environmental health. The basis of genetically modifying foods is the transferal of desirable genetic traits of plants to an agricultural crop. Genetic modification creates crops that are resistant to herbicides or can repel insects. Genetic modification also makes growing crops easier and allows for higher production rates. Anytime genetically altered crops are consumed by humans, the GM crops should be subjected to rigorous testing to assure that it is safe for human consumption and safe for the environment. When it comes to the environment and human safety, one cannot be too cautious. Some say that further safety testing of GM foods is not necessary because there is no evidence of GM foods being unsafe (Cockburn 2002). The truth is that the public does not yet trust that genetically modified foods are completely safe (Harlander 2002). The only way to convince the public that GM foods are safe and to create a market for GM foods is to perform further safety tests, such as a human study or controlled experiments. I propose that you fund this necessary and fundamental testing to ensure that GM foods are safe for the environment and for human consumption in order to help create a market for this life-improving product. Genetically modified crops were first commercially introduced in the United States in 1996; and by 2001 24% of the corn, 63% of the soybeans, and 64% of the cotton being grown in the U. S. were genetically modified varieties (Harlander 2002). Through genetic engineering, scientists have created varieties of crops that are insect-resistant, virus resistant, and herbicide tolerant. These qualities allow for improved yield and reduced use of potentially dangerous pesticides, as well as improved weed control reduced crop injury, reduction in foreign matter, reduced fuel use, and significant reduction in soil erosion. All of these consequences seem to be beneficial for the human race and the environment. It is important to prove to the public that GM foods are safe so that such a beneficial technology will not be under-utilized. In the United States, three government agencies are involved in the approval of genetically modified crops. These three agencies are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Harlander 2002). These agencies are responsible for ensuring that the GM crops are safe for the environment and for human consumption. More specifically, the USDA ensures that the GM crops are safe to grow, the EPA makes sure that the GM crops are safe for the environment, and the FDA ensures that the products are safe to eat (Harlander 2002). The three agencies put the genetically modified crops through rigorous environmental and food safety assessments before they can be commercialized. However, Susan Harlander reminds the scientific community an effective food safety evaluation system minimizes risk, but it is important to remember that food is not inherently safe (2002). Tampering with the genetics of a crop increases the possibility of that crop being dangerous to the environment or to human health. Bettie Sue Masters, PhD, states, All evidence to date indicates that any breeding technique that alters a plant or animal, whether by genetic engineering or other methods, has the potential to create unintended changes in the quality or amounts of food components that could harm health (qtd. in Panasevich 2004). It is highly likely that this lack of inherent safety is a reason why the public is so cautious about the acceptance of GM foods. The key to diminishing the publics fear of GM foods is to extend the safety evaluation process. Consumers have two main concerns about genetically modified foods: first, that GM foods are unsafe to eat; and second, that their cultivation will harm the environment (Gasson 2001). Currently the most widely used safety evaluation process is called substantial equivalence. Michael Gasson and Derek Burke discuss substantial equivalence: Substantial equivalence recognizes the fact that conventional foods have been eaten by many people over a long period of time and have an established and accepted level of safety. Genetic modification involves the introduction of a limited amount of change and substantial equivalence uses a comparative approach to reveal both intended and unintended differences between a genetically modified (GM) food and its conventional counterpart. (Gasson 2002) If the genetically modified food is substantially equivalent to, or similar to, its conventional counterpart, then it is generally regarded as safe. Thus far substantial equivalence has been effective, but as genetically modified foods become more and more complex there is no guarantee that this method will continue its success. More in-depth testing is required to ensure the safety of future GM foods. Genetically modified crops should be tested on living subjects in addition to applying the substantial equivalence method. Animals or human volunteers are essential in proving the safety of the genetically modified crops already approved by the FDA, EPA, and USDA, in addition to the GM crops to be introduced in the future. The risk of harm to a living being would be low as the GM food would have already passed the substantial equivalence test before being consumed. Long term testing would be able to prove that there are no mal-effects resulting from the consumption of GM foods. While long term testing may seem unappealing, it is a small price to pay for improving the quality of life for a nation. The publics concern extends beyond the effects of GM crops after human consumption all the way to GM crops effects on the environment. Many environmentalists as well as non-affiliated persons think that genetically modified crops have a negative effect on the environment. Traits meant only for agricultural crops can be transferred to other plants through pollination; traits, like being herbicide tolerant or virus-resistant, which would diminish natural and artificial checks and balances on plants (Guebert 2004). The best way to ensure that the GM crops will not harm the environment is to perform experiments and further safety assessments. Convincing the public that genetically modified crops are safe for the environment is pivotal towards creating a market for GM foods and in turn improving quality of life. The testing and assessing of the safety of GM foods that I propose will be divided into two categories: the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment; and the safety of GM foods for human consumption. The testing of the safety of GM crops for the environment must be performed under controlled conditions. Our testing will take place in a greenhouse, where any negative effects will be contained and kept away from the environment. All genetically modified crops would be tested for two factors: whether or not the trait is likely to be passed on to other plants; and what nutrients in the soil the GM crop depletes and how fast it does so. These two factors are essential in proving the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment. If a GM crop passed traits, such as herbicide tolerance or virus-resistance, on to other plant species, it could potentially change the ability of that species to survive and thrive and wreak havoc on the delicate balance of the ecosystem. This risk of upsetting the ecosystem frightens would-be GM food consumers from supporting the industry. In order to test the ability of the genetically modified crop to pass on its genes to another species of plant, it would be planted for two growing seasons in the presence of varying plant species found around the agricultural United States. The soil will be tested for nutrients before and after each growing season in order to keep track of the nutrient depletion rate. Any genetically modified crop that depleted the soil of essential nutrients at an abnormally fast rate would be rejected. A genetically modified crops failure to pass any of the tests or assessments would not be approved, thereby leaving no reason for the public to fear for the safety of the environment on account of the GM foods on the market. To test the safety of GM foods for human consumption, a comparative study must be performed. In order for the study to be effective and result in usable data, several hundred human volunteers will need to participate. The volunteers will be divided into two groups. The first group will be asked to incorporate a specific genetically modified food into their everyday diet. The second group will be asked to incorporate the conventional counterpart of the same GM food into their diet. The study will last for 2 months with the participants receiving weekly physicals to check for any changes in health. A change in negative change in health in a number participant from group one, the group consuming a GM food, would indicate that the genetically modified food is playing a role in the deterioration. The GM food in question would then either be taken off of the market or subjected to further testing, depending on the extent of the data acquired from the study. With this study in place, consumers would feel much more comfortable purchasing, and creating a market for, genetically modified foods. By proving that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and for the environment, we are proving to the public that there is no cause for fear. In the absence of fear, consumers will no longer object to buying GM foods resulting in a market for genetically modified foods. The increase in demand for GM foods will result in more research and development and bring advances in GM technology. Genetically modified foods have the potential to improve the quality of life of people all over the world, and it would be a shame to let this technology go to waste. If you give us this grant, there will be numerous benefits that can come from our work. Please consider the well-being of the people that will be helped by our work while you are making your decision. Thank you. Works Cited Cockburn A. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J Biotechnol. 2002; 98 (1): 79-106. Harlander SK. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view. Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30 (1): 132-134. Gasson M, Burke D. Scientific perspectives on regulating the safety of genetically modified foods. Nat Rev Genet. 2001; 2 (3): 217-222. Guebert A, Cousins D. Welcome to the world of unintended consequences. Farmers Weekly 2004; 141 (9): 64. Panasevich CL. Risk assessment urged for genetically modified foods. Nations Health. 2004; 34 (7): 25.

Elderly Warned About Social Security Scams :: essays research papers

Elderly warned about Social Security scams WASHINGTON (AP) -- Elderly Americans should be careful about giving out their Social Security numbers, officials warned Tuesday after arresting a man who sent out letters offering an extra check to senior citizens who send back money or their bank account and Social Security numbers. "People should be really cautious about who they give their personal information to, especially their Social Security number," said Social Security Administration spokeswoman Cathy Noe. Special agents from the Social Security inspector general's office arrested Anthony David Williams, 32, in Phoenix Monday night. Williams is accused of misrepresenting himself as a government employee to defraud retirees and disabled Americans receiving Social Security benefits. He is charged with mail fraud. Calls to Phoenix phone numbers associated with Williams' businesses and to his lawyer on Tuesday were not immediately returned. Williams allegedly mailed out letters on a likeness of Social Security stationery, often following up with phone calls, according to an affidavit filed in U.S. District Court in Phoenix. "According to our records you are entitled to receive an additional check from Social Security each month," one version of the letter said. "These extra income benefits could give you up to an additional $514 per month." Recipients were asked to send a "filing fee" of varying amounts up to $23, or to fill out a form including their Social Security and bank account numbers so the fee could be "automatically deducted." The mailings were signed by "Donald Jenkins" of the "Winning Advantage Program, SSI-SSA" -- an alias used by Williams, who is British but applied last year to become a permanent U.S. legal resident. Social Security recipients usually do get letters from the government when their benefits go up. Other legitimate mailings that people get from Social Security include a new statement of taxes paid and future benefits due, which every American worker over age 25 will receive by the end of next year. "But we never ask for money for a processing fee," said Noe. The federal government also does not normally ask for someone's Social Security number -- they already know it. Indeed, Social Security prints that number as an identifier on mailings about a person's benefits. Social Security numbers are the most widely used ID in the private sector as well -- requested on the forms people fill out for everything from college registrations to bank slips.

Values-Based Leadership Essay -- Transformational Leaders

Leadership Background Values-based leadership has a significant impact on the performance and the functioning of an organization. Boje,(2000) cites Burn’s (1978) theoretical work on transformational leadership basing his argument on Kohlberg’s moral development theory and Weber’s (1947) theory of leadership and authority. In his work, Boje, 2000 agrees with Burn’s that a moral value based leader, is the one who emphasizes social exchange between leader and follower in the form of the psychological and mutual needs contract driven by charisma, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation.(Homrig, 2001) The transcendent values of transformational leaders have great potential to promote performance beyond expectations and to effect enormous change on how the organization operates since they seek liberty, justice, equality and collective well being. It therefore appears that a transformational leadership is that kind of leadership that seeks to exploit the full potential of individuals through satisfaction of collective needs. While Weber’s theory (1947) is cited by Boje, (2000) as having several forms of leadership like charismatic, bureaucratic and traditional aspects, all co-exist together and change from the other occurs gradually. Even though the two theorists; Weber (1947) and Burn’s (1978) approaches leadership from different perspectives, Boje acknowledges that both of them share a similarity in their work in the sense that both see moral values as an important consideration in any form of leadership.( Boje, 2000). Transformational leaders inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes by providing both meaning and understanding, questioning assumptions, refraining problems, and... ...e vision and mission of the company in order to align their goals with of the company. When Robert Eaton became the chairman in 1993 he involved company officers to develop the vision and the mission. Consequently, better communications, continuous training became part and puzzle of doing business in a new way. (Ashley, 1997) In conclusion, leadership is not only important to companies that operate on a global scale but to domestic firms as well. It’s clear that when a leader takes his or her rightful position as a leader change, performance and results manifest. Their values and beliefs become the guiding principles where ideas, imaginations and talents are shared by all. Such transformational leaders not only make their employees to follow them, but they help one another to grow, motivate raise the morale of achieving extraordinary outcomes with few resources.

Breast Cancer Speech

Breast Cancer The topic of cancer is a very sensitive one. Cancer is a disease of which in many cases is fatal and has affected the lives of many and sadly will continue to affect the lives of many more. I chose to explore the topic of breast cancer because it is one of personal interest to me. This topic interests me for various reasons but mainly because breast cancer is most prone to and extremely common in women of all ages and I myself am a young woman growing up in society. As shown in recent statistics———————–.I also wanted to make others aware of the harsh reality of breast cancer and expose them to some of the true emotions experienced by the victims and their loved ones. My I. A. is based on how a woman’s life is affected by being diagnoses with breast cancer. It explores the emotional impact on her and the way in which she handles this difficult time in her life. It also shows the support given to her by her be st friend who goes through this difficult time with her. Just as in the story many women are being diagnosed with breast cancer everyday and as said before, unfortunately it is extremely prominent and common in females.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sCancer not only affects the lives of the patient but also their many loved ones or anyone close to them for that matter. It is a disease which can affect the emotional, social and financial well being of an individual. When an individual is diagnosed with breast cancer or any cancer at all their lives and lifestyles can change drastically over a short period of time. These changes are usually for the worst. It may take a lot of time together with love and support to restore lives back to their normal order or as close to it as possible.Some of the difficulties experienced in writing about this topic were being able to capture actual emotions of a cancer patient and the effects on their loved ones. While it was almost extremely easy t o think of some of the possible emotional effects of cancer, it was a difficult task to actually transfer their emotions to paper. I was able to overcome this difficulty by reading actual articles written by real cancer victims on the internet. By reading their articles I was able to internalize and better understand some of their emotions. With this being said, the internet was my main source of information.I visited sites which contained both fictional and factual articles on cancer patients. The internet was a great source because I was able to pull both recent and dated information and even future estimated statistics. My other sources where books written about breast cancer patients. Those too were good sources because they provided great facts and true emotions. In general all sources used seemed to be extremely reliable as they provided information written by experts and they provided statistics from many researches which were all fairly dated. In conclusion, breast cancer is a topic of great interest to me because of its effects on women.Although there were some difficulties experienced in expressing the real emotion of breast cancer patients, I was able to overcome that with the use of reliable sources and information. I have personally been able to learn a great deal from the exploration of this topic. I am now aware of the reality of this disease and the tragedy it brings to a family. As a young woman growing up in society I will try my best to prevent the contraction of this disease in any way possible and I hope that readers both locally and internationally, will assist in the promotion in breast cancer awareness and education.

Argumentative Capital Punishme essays

Argumentative Capital Punishme essays A pregnant wife was brutally beaten, raped, and left for dead. The unborn baby did not survive the trauma. The wife recovered after a long coma, at which time she identified her husband as the attacker, not withstanding his claim that he was out getting some fast food for them. The police closed the investigation despite the fact that the circumstances of the attack were similar to the activities of a serial killer who was active in the area. The husband was convicted and received a fifteen-years-to-life sentence for second-degree murder for the death of the unborn child. After serving16 years, as a result of police reviewing unsolved cases, DNA collaboration, and the confession of the actual serial murderer, the husband was exonerated. Everyone involved in the prosecution process (wife, police, prosecutor) sincerely believed they had the guilty party. But, they were wrong! Examples of police officers prematurely closing cases (noted above) or designing identification procedures in such a way as to prejudice decisions of the witnesses. In other cases prosecutors fail to provide defense attorneys with crucial information or resist the implications of scientific evidence gained after trial that could lead to the reversal of a conviction. There are convictions resulting from biased or incompetent forensic science. In the area of defense attorneys, they are under funded, overworked, or lazy. Such attorneys miss facts, do not investigate thoroughly, and often are hampered by limited resources. Last week the 100th death-row inmate found to be wrongfully convicted since capital punishment was restored in 1977 was freed from an Arizona prison. Most wrongfully accused are exonerated, as a result of emerging DNA technology, there was biological evidence that could be used to prove a wrongful conviction. But, what about the tens of thousands of cases where bio logical evidence is not a factor? The same system was active in investigating,...